Researching a fetal condition / fetal intervention
Information is for general education only; specific decisions, questions and clinical guidance should come from your fetal care center, and maternal-fetal care team.
| Condition | Condition Category | Condition Description | Intervention | Intervention Used For | Intervention Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cystic Fibrosis (CF) | Genetic Conditions | A genetic disorder that causes thick mucus buildup affecting the lungs and digestive system. | Medication (in research) | Treatment | Medicines given to the pregnant parent that cross the placenta to treat selected fetal conditions; some fetal uses remain investigational or in research settings. |
| Cystic Fibrosis (CF) | Genetic Conditions | A genetic disorder that causes thick mucus buildup affecting the lungs and digestive system. | Whole Genome Sequencing / Exome Sequencing | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Advanced genetic testing that analyzes most or all of a baby’s DNA to identify rare or complex genetic conditions. |
| Fetal Hemochromatosis | Genetic Conditions | A rare condition causing severe liver damage due to iron overload before birth. | Medication | Treatment | Medicines given to the pregnant parent that cross the placenta to treat fetal conditions such as inflammation, infection, arrhythmias, heart failure, or other selected fetal conditions. |
| Fetal Hemochromatosis | Genetic Conditions | A rare condition causing severe liver damage due to iron overload before birth. | Weekly Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) | Treatment | Regular infusions of antibodies given to the pregnant parent to help prevent the baby’s immune system from being affected by certain antibody-related conditions. |
| Trisomy 18 | Genetic Conditions | A chromosomal condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 18, associated with multiple congenital anomalies. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| Trisomy 18 | Genetic Conditions | A chromosomal condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 18, associated with multiple congenital anomalies. | Amniocentesis | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A procedure that removes a small amount of amniotic fluid for genetic testing, infection evaluation, or other diagnostic purposes. |
| Trisomy 18 | Genetic Conditions | A chromosomal condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 18, associated with multiple congenital anomalies. | Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A first-trimester procedure that collects placental tissue to test for genetic and chromosomal conditions. |
| Trisomy 13 | Genetic Conditions | A chromosomal condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 13, associated with severe developmental abnormalities. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| Trisomy 13 | Genetic Conditions | A chromosomal condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 13, associated with severe developmental abnormalities. | Amniocentesis | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A procedure that removes a small amount of amniotic fluid for genetic testing, infection evaluation, or other diagnostic purposes. |
| Trisomy 13 | Genetic Conditions | A chromosomal condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 13, associated with severe developmental abnormalities. | Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A first-trimester procedure that collects placental tissue to test for genetic and chromosomal conditions. |
| Trisomy 21 | Genetic Conditions | A chromosomal condition, also called Down syndrome, caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| Trisomy 21 | Genetic Conditions | A chromosomal condition, also called Down syndrome, caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. | Amniocentesis | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A procedure that removes a small amount of amniotic fluid for genetic testing, infection evaluation, or other diagnostic purposes. |
| Trisomy 21 | Genetic Conditions | A chromosomal condition, also called Down syndrome, caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. | Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A first-trimester procedure that collects placental tissue to test for genetic and chromosomal conditions. |
| Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY) | Genetic Conditions | A sex chromosome condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome. | Whole Genome Sequencing / Exome Sequencing | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Advanced genetic testing that analyzes most or all of a baby’s DNA to identify rare or complex genetic conditions. |
| Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY) | Genetic Conditions | A sex chromosome condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| Turner Syndrome (45,X) | Genetic Conditions | A sex chromosome condition in which a female has only one X chromosome. | Whole Genome Sequencing / Exome Sequencing | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Advanced genetic testing that analyzes most or all of a baby’s DNA to identify rare or complex genetic conditions. |
| Turner Syndrome (45,X) | Genetic Conditions | A sex chromosome condition in which a female has only one X chromosome. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| Trisomy X (47,XXX) | Genetic Conditions | A sex chromosome condition in which a female has an extra X chromosome. | Whole Genome Sequencing / Exome Sequencing | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Advanced genetic testing that analyzes most or all of a baby’s DNA to identify rare or complex genetic conditions. |
| Trisomy X (47,XXX) | Genetic Conditions | A sex chromosome condition in which a female has an extra X chromosome. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| XYY Syndrome (47,XYY) | Genetic Conditions | A sex chromosome condition in which a male has an extra Y chromosome. | Whole Genome Sequencing / Exome Sequencing | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Advanced genetic testing that analyzes most or all of a baby’s DNA to identify rare or complex genetic conditions. |
| XYY Syndrome (47,XYY) | Genetic Conditions | A sex chromosome condition in which a male has an extra Y chromosome. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome | Genetic Conditions | A microdeletion genetic condition caused by a small missing piece of chromosome 22 that can affect the heart, immune system, and development. | Whole Genome Sequencing / Exome Sequencing | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Advanced genetic testing that analyzes most or all of a baby’s DNA to identify rare or complex genetic conditions. |
| 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome | Genetic Conditions | A microdeletion genetic condition caused by a small missing piece of chromosome 22 that can affect the heart, immune system, and development. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| Stickler Syndrome | Genetic Conditions | A single-gene condition affecting connective tissue that can impact vision, hearing, and joints. | Whole Genome Sequencing / Exome Sequencing | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Advanced genetic testing that analyzes most or all of a baby’s DNA to identify rare or complex genetic conditions. |
| Stickler Syndrome | Genetic Conditions | A single-gene condition affecting connective tissue that can impact vision, hearing, and joints. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | Genetic Conditions | A single-gene condition characterized by fragile bones that break easily. | Whole Genome Sequencing / Exome Sequencing | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Advanced genetic testing that analyzes most or all of a baby’s DNA to identify rare or complex genetic conditions. |
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | Genetic Conditions | A single-gene condition characterized by fragile bones that break easily. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| CHARGE Syndrome | Genetic Conditions | A single-gene condition involving multiple congenital anomalies affecting several organ systems. | Whole Genome Sequencing / Exome Sequencing | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Advanced genetic testing that analyzes most or all of a baby’s DNA to identify rare or complex genetic conditions. |
| CHARGE Syndrome | Genetic Conditions | A single-gene condition involving multiple congenital anomalies affecting several organ systems. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| Fetal Anemia - Hydrops | Blood Conditions | Severe fetal anemia can strain the heart and lead to abnormal fluid buildup called hydrops. | Fetal Blood Sampling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A procedure in which a small sample of the baby’s blood is taken from the umbilical cord to diagnose conditions such as anemia, infection, or genetic disorders. |
| Fetal Anemia - Hydrops | Blood Conditions | Severe fetal anemia can strain the heart and lead to abnormal fluid buildup called hydrops. | Fetal Intrauterine Transfusion (IUT) | Treatment | A procedure that delivers donor red blood cells to the baby through the umbilical cord to treat fetal anemia before birth. |
| Fetal Anemia - Hydrops | Blood Conditions | Severe fetal anemia can strain the heart and lead to abnormal fluid buildup called hydrops. | Fetal Middle Cerebral Arterial Doppler (Blood) | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A specialized ultrasound that measures blood flow in the baby’s brain artery to assess for fetal anemia or other circulation problems. |
| Other High Blood Flow - Hydrops | Blood Conditions | Severe swelling can develop when the fetal heart is working too hard because of unusually high blood flow. | Interstitial Laser or Fetal Endoscopy (FETENDO) | Treatment | A technique that uses a thin laser fiber placed into tissue to stop blood flow to abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, abnormal placenta, abnormal lung tissue, or the cord of a severely affected twin. |
| Other High Blood Flow - Hydrops | Blood Conditions | Severe swelling can develop when the fetal heart is working too hard because of unusually high blood flow. | Thrombogenic Coils or Fetal Endoscopy (FETENDO) | Treatment | Tiny coils placed into a blood vessel to intentionally block abnormal blood flow. |
| Fetal Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia - Insufficient Platelets | Blood Conditions | Maternal antibodies attack the baby’s platelets, causing dangerously low platelets and bleeding risk. | Fetal Intrauterine Platelet Transfusion (IUPT) | Treatment | A procedure that delivers donor platelets to the baby through the umbilical cord to treat severe low platelets and bleeding risk before birth. |
| Fetal Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia - Insufficient Platelets | Blood Conditions | Maternal antibodies attack the baby’s platelets, causing dangerously low platelets and bleeding risk. | Weekly Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) | Treatment | Regular infusions of antibodies given to the pregnant parent to help prevent the baby’s immune system from being affected by certain antibody-related conditions. |
| Fetal Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia - Insufficient Platelets | Blood Conditions | Maternal antibodies attack the baby’s platelets, causing dangerously low platelets and bleeding risk. | Medication | Treatment | Medicines given to the pregnant parent that cross the placenta to treat fetal conditions such as inflammation, infection, arrhythmias, heart failure, or other selected fetal conditions. |
| Abdominal Wall Defect - Body Stalk Anomaly - Ectopia Cordis | Lung / Thorax Conditions | A rare condition in which the abdominal and chest walls fail to form properly and the heart may develop outside the chest. | Monitoring / pediatric care as directed | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Careful prenatal monitoring, followed by pediatric care after birth when directed by the care team. |
| Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) | Lung / Thorax Conditions | A hole in the diaphragm allows abdominal organs to move into the chest and impair lung development. | Fetoscopic Endoluminal Tracheal Occlusion (FETO) | Treatment | A minimally invasive procedure in which a balloon is placed in the baby’s airway to promote lung growth in severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia. |
| Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) | Lung / Thorax Conditions | A hole in the diaphragm allows abdominal organs to move into the chest and impair lung development. | In-Utero Open Fetal Repair | Treatment | An open surgical procedure performed through an incision in the uterus to directly repair certain birth defects before delivery. |
| Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) | Lung / Thorax Conditions | A hole in the diaphragm allows abdominal organs to move into the chest and impair lung development. | Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment (EXIT) | Treatment | A specialized delivery procedure in which the baby remains attached to oxygen from the placenta while doctors secure the airway or perform urgent interventions at birth. |
| Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome (CHAOS) | Lung / Thorax Conditions | A life-threatening fetal condition where a blocked airway prevents breathing at birth and can cause lung swelling and heart compression. | Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment (EXIT) | Treatment | A specialized delivery procedure in which the baby remains attached to oxygen from the placenta while doctors secure the airway or perform urgent interventions at birth. |
| Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome (CHAOS) | Lung / Thorax Conditions | A life-threatening fetal condition where a blocked airway prevents breathing at birth and can cause lung swelling and heart compression. | In-Utero Open Fetal Repair | Treatment | An open surgical procedure performed through an incision in the uterus to directly repair certain birth defects before delivery. |
| Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM) - Bronchopulmonary Sequestration (BPS) | Lung / Thorax Conditions | A non-functional mass of lung tissue lacking airway connection and receiving abnormal blood supply. | Interstitial Laser | Treatment | A technique that uses a thin laser fiber placed into tissue to stop blood flow to abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, abnormal placenta, abnormal lung tissue, or the cord of a severely affected twin. |
| Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM) - Bronchopulmonary Sequestration (BPS) | Lung / Thorax Conditions | A non-functional mass of lung tissue lacking airway connection and receiving abnormal blood supply. | Radiofrequency Ablation | Treatment | A minimally invasive procedure that uses heat to stop blood flow to abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, abnormal placenta, or the cord of a severely affected twin. |
| Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM) - Bronchopulmonary Sequestration (BPS) | Lung / Thorax Conditions | A non-functional mass of lung tissue lacking airway connection and receiving abnormal blood supply. | Thrombogenic Coils | Treatment | Tiny coils placed into a blood vessel to intentionally block abnormal blood flow. |
| Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM) - Bronchopulmonary Sequestration (BPS) | Lung / Thorax Conditions | A non-functional mass of lung tissue lacking airway connection and receiving abnormal blood supply. | Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment (EXIT) | Treatment | A specialized delivery procedure in which the baby remains attached to oxygen from the placenta while doctors secure the airway or perform urgent interventions at birth. |
| Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM) - Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM) | Lung / Thorax Conditions | A developmental lung lesion made of cystic or abnormal tissue that can interfere with normal lung growth. | In-Utero Open Fetal Repair | Treatment | An open surgical procedure performed through an incision in the uterus to directly repair certain birth defects before delivery. |
| Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM) - Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM) | Lung / Thorax Conditions | A developmental lung lesion made of cystic or abnormal tissue that can interfere with normal lung growth. | Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment (EXIT) | Treatment | A specialized delivery procedure in which the baby remains attached to oxygen from the placenta while doctors secure the airway or perform urgent interventions at birth. |
| Pleural Effusion - Chylothorax (lymph fluid) | Lung / Thorax Conditions | A buildup of lymphatic fluid in the fetal chest that can compress the lungs and heart. | Thoracentesis (Antenatal Drainage) | Treatment | A needle procedure used during pregnancy to remove excess fluid from the baby’s chest to help improve lung development. |
| Pleural Effusion - Chylothorax (lymph fluid) | Lung / Thorax Conditions | A buildup of lymphatic fluid in the fetal chest that can compress the lungs and heart. | Thoraco-Amniotic Shunting | Treatment | Placement of a small tube between the baby’s chest and the amniotic sac to drain excess fluid and relieve pressure on the lungs. |
| Pleural Effusion - Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM) | Lung / Thorax Conditions | Chest fluid buildup occurring secondary to an underlying lung malformation. | Thoracentesis (Antenatal Drainage) | Treatment | A needle procedure used during pregnancy to remove excess fluid from the baby’s chest to help improve lung development. |
| Pleural Effusion - Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM) | Lung / Thorax Conditions | Chest fluid buildup occurring secondary to an underlying lung malformation. | Thoraco-Amniotic Shunting | Treatment | Placement of a small tube between the baby’s chest and the amniotic sac to drain excess fluid and relieve pressure on the lungs. |
| Pleural Effusion - Hydrops | Lung / Thorax Conditions | Severe chest fluid accumulation associated with widespread fetal swelling. | Thoracentesis (Antenatal Drainage) | Treatment | A needle procedure used during pregnancy to remove excess fluid from the baby’s chest to help improve lung development. |
| Pleural Effusion - Hydrops | Lung / Thorax Conditions | Severe chest fluid accumulation associated with widespread fetal swelling. | Thoraco-Amniotic Shunting | Treatment | Placement of a small tube between the baby’s chest and the amniotic sac to drain excess fluid and relieve pressure on the lungs. |
| Pleural Effusion - Other Fetal Conditions | Lung / Thorax Conditions | Fluid in the fetal chest due to various disorders affecting the heart, lungs, or lymphatic system. | Thoracentesis (Antenatal Drainage) | Treatment | A needle procedure used during pregnancy to remove excess fluid from the baby’s chest to help improve lung development. |
| Pleural Effusion - Other Fetal Conditions | Lung / Thorax Conditions | Fluid in the fetal chest due to various disorders affecting the heart, lungs, or lymphatic system. | Thoraco-Amniotic Shunting | Treatment | Placement of a small tube between the baby’s chest and the amniotic sac to drain excess fluid and relieve pressure on the lungs. |
| Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum (ACC) | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | Partial or complete absence of the structure connecting the two brain hemispheres. | MRI | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the baby’s organs, often to clarify findings seen on ultrasound. |
| Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum (ACC) | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | Partial or complete absence of the structure connecting the two brain hemispheres. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum (ACC) | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | Partial or complete absence of the structure connecting the two brain hemispheres. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| Dandy-Walker Malformation | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A brain malformation involving the cerebellum and fluid spaces at the back of the brain. | MRI | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the baby’s organs, often to clarify findings seen on ultrasound. |
| Dandy-Walker Malformation | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A brain malformation involving the cerebellum and fluid spaces at the back of the brain. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Encephalocele | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A neural tube defect in which brain tissue protrudes through an opening in the skull. | MRI | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the baby’s organs, often to clarify findings seen on ultrasound. |
| Encephalocele | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A neural tube defect in which brain tissue protrudes through an opening in the skull. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Encephalocele | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A neural tube defect in which brain tissue protrudes through an opening in the skull. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (SCT) - Hydrops | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A tumor at the base of the spine that, if large, can lead to heart failure and fluid buildup. | In-Utero Open Fetal Repair | Treatment | An open surgical procedure performed through an incision in the uterus to directly repair certain birth defects before delivery. |
| Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (SCT) - Hydrops | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A tumor at the base of the spine that, if large, can lead to heart failure and fluid buildup. | Radiofrequency Ablation | Treatment | A minimally invasive procedure that uses heat to stop blood flow to abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, abnormal placenta, or the cord of a severely affected twin. |
| Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (SCT) - Hydrops | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A tumor at the base of the spine that, if large, can lead to heart failure and fluid buildup. | Interstitial Laser or Fetal Endoscopy (FETENDO) | Treatment | A technique that uses a thin laser fiber placed into tissue to stop blood flow to abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, abnormal placenta, abnormal lung tissue, or the cord of a severely affected twin. |
| Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (SCT) - Hydrops | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A tumor at the base of the spine that, if large, can lead to heart failure and fluid buildup. | Thrombogenic Coils or Fetal Endoscopy (FETENDO) | Treatment | Tiny coils placed into a blood vessel to intentionally block abnormal blood flow. |
| Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (SCT) - Hydrops | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A tumor at the base of the spine that, if large, can lead to heart failure and fluid buildup. | Transuterine Embolization | Treatment | An image-guided procedure that blocks abnormal blood vessels in the fetal head or spine. |
| Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (SCT) - Hydrops | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A tumor at the base of the spine that, if large, can lead to heart failure and fluid buildup. | Vascular & Interventional Radiology | Treatment | Image-guided procedures performed to diagnose or treat fetal or placental vascular conditions. |
| Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (SCT) - Mirror Syndrome | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A maternal condition in which the mother develops symptoms similar to the hydropic fetus. | In-Utero Open Fetal Repair | Treatment | An open surgical procedure performed through an incision in the uterus to directly repair certain birth defects before delivery. |
| Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (SCT) - Mirror Syndrome | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A maternal condition in which the mother develops symptoms similar to the hydropic fetus. | Radiofrequency Ablation | Treatment | A minimally invasive procedure that uses heat to stop blood flow to abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, abnormal placenta, or the cord of a severely affected twin. |
| Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (SCT) - Mirror Syndrome | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A maternal condition in which the mother develops symptoms similar to the hydropic fetus. | Interstitial Laser | Treatment | A technique that uses a thin laser fiber placed into tissue to stop blood flow to abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, abnormal placenta, abnormal lung tissue, or the cord of a severely affected twin. |
| Spina Bifida (Neural Tube Defect) - Myelomeningocele (MMC) | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A spinal defect in which the spinal cord and membranes protrude through an opening in the back. | In-Utero Open Fetal Repair | Treatment | An open surgical procedure performed through an incision in the uterus to directly repair certain birth defects before delivery. |
| Spina Bifida (Neural Tube Defect) - Myelomeningocele (MMC) | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A spinal defect in which the spinal cord and membranes protrude through an opening in the back. | In-Utero Fetoscopic Repair | Treatment | A minimally invasive fetal surgery performed with small instruments and a camera inserted through the uterus to repair selected conditions. |
| Spina Bifida (Neural Tube Defect) - Myelomeningocele (MMC) | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A spinal defect in which the spinal cord and membranes protrude through an opening in the back. | Fetal Stem Cell Therapy (research) | Treatment | An investigational approach in which stem cells are given before birth to treat certain genetic or blood disorders; this remains primarily in research settings. |
| Spina Bifida (Neural Tube Defect) - Myeloschisis (MS) | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A severe form of spina bifida in which exposed spinal cord tissue is not covered by protective membranes. | In-Utero Open Fetal Repair | Treatment | An open surgical procedure performed through an incision in the uterus to directly repair certain birth defects before delivery. |
| Spina Bifida (Neural Tube Defect) - Myeloschisis (MS) | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A severe form of spina bifida in which exposed spinal cord tissue is not covered by protective membranes. | In-Utero Fetoscopic Repair | Treatment | A minimally invasive fetal surgery performed with small instruments and a camera inserted through the uterus to repair selected conditions. |
| Spina Bifida (Neural Tube Defect) - Myeloschisis (MS) | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | A severe form of spina bifida in which exposed spinal cord tissue is not covered by protective membranes. | Fetal Stem Cell Therapy (research) | Treatment | An investigational approach in which stem cells are given before birth to treat certain genetic or blood disorders; this remains primarily in research settings. |
| Vein of Galen Malformation (VOGM) | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | An abnormal connection between brain arteries and veins that can strain the heart. | Transuterine Embolization or Fetal Image-Guided Surgery for Intervention or Therapy (FIGS-IT) | Treatment | An image-guided procedure that blocks abnormal blood vessels in the fetal head or spine. |
| Vein of Galen Malformation (VOGM) | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | An abnormal connection between brain arteries and veins that can strain the heart. | Vascular & Interventional Radiology | Treatment | Image-guided procedures performed to diagnose or treat fetal or placental vascular conditions. |
| Ventriculomegaly | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | Enlargement of the brain’s fluid-filled ventricles. | MRI | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the baby’s organs, often to clarify findings seen on ultrasound. |
| Ventriculomegaly | Neurologic / Spine Conditions | Enlargement of the brain’s fluid-filled ventricles. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Cleft Lip / Cleft Palate | Head & Neck Conditions | A split in the upper lip and/or palate; usually isolated, but sometimes associated with an underlying genetic or chromosomal condition. | Pediatric Care (Head & Neck) | Treatment | Coordinated newborn care by a multidisciplinary pediatric team to provide ongoing treatment, surgery, or monitoring after birth. |
| Cleft Lip / Cleft Palate | Head & Neck Conditions | A split in the upper lip and/or palate; usually isolated, but sometimes associated with an underlying genetic or chromosomal condition. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| Cerebrocostomandibular Syndrome (CCMS) | Head & Neck Conditions | A rare genetic condition affecting rib and jaw development that can impact breathing and feeding. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| Cerebrocostomandibular Syndrome (CCMS) | Head & Neck Conditions | A rare genetic condition affecting rib and jaw development that can impact breathing and feeding. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Craniosynostosis | Head & Neck Conditions | Premature fusion of skull bones that can affect head shape and brain growth. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Craniosynostosis | Head & Neck Conditions | Premature fusion of skull bones that can affect head shape and brain growth. | MRI | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the baby’s organs, often to clarify findings seen on ultrasound. |
| Craniosynostosis | Head & Neck Conditions | Premature fusion of skull bones that can affect head shape and brain growth. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Fetal Neck Mass - Neck Neural Tube Defect (NTD) - Occipital Encephalocele | Head & Neck Conditions | A defect in which brain tissue protrudes through an opening in the back of the skull. | MRI | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the baby’s organs, often to clarify findings seen on ultrasound. |
| Fetal Neck Mass - Neck Neural Tube Defect (NTD) - Occipital Encephalocele | Head & Neck Conditions | A defect in which brain tissue protrudes through an opening in the back of the skull. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Fetal Neck Mass - Neck Neural Tube Defect (NTD) - Occipital Encephalocele | Head & Neck Conditions | A defect in which brain tissue protrudes through an opening in the back of the skull. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Fetal Neck Mass - Neck Neural Tube Defect (NTD) - Cervical Myelomeningocele (MMC) | Head & Neck Conditions | A spinal defect in the neck region where the spinal cord and membranes protrude through an opening. | MRI | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the baby’s organs, often to clarify findings seen on ultrasound. |
| Fetal Neck Mass - Neck Neural Tube Defect (NTD) - Cervical Myelomeningocele (MMC) | Head & Neck Conditions | A spinal defect in the neck region where the spinal cord and membranes protrude through an opening. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Fetal Neck Mass - Neck Neural Tube Defect (NTD) - Cervical Myelomeningocele (MMC) | Head & Neck Conditions | A spinal defect in the neck region where the spinal cord and membranes protrude through an opening. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Fetal Neck Mass - Cystic Hygroma | Head & Neck Conditions | A fluid-filled sac caused by abnormal lymphatic development, often seen in the neck. | Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment (EXIT) | Treatment | A specialized delivery procedure in which the baby remains attached to oxygen from the placenta while doctors secure the airway or perform urgent interventions at birth. |
| Fetal Neck Mass - Cystic Hygroma | Head & Neck Conditions | A fluid-filled sac caused by abnormal lymphatic development, often seen in the neck. | Vascular & Interventional Radiology | Treatment | Image-guided procedures performed to diagnose or treat fetal or placental vascular conditions. |
| Fetal Neck Mass - Cervical Teratoma (Neck Tumor) | Head & Neck Conditions | A tumor in the fetal neck that may obstruct the airway at birth. | Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment (EXIT) | Treatment | A specialized delivery procedure in which the baby remains attached to oxygen from the placenta while doctors secure the airway or perform urgent interventions at birth. |
| Fetal Neck Mass - Cervical Teratoma (Neck Tumor) | Head & Neck Conditions | A tumor in the fetal neck that may obstruct the airway at birth. | In-Utero Open Fetal Repair | Treatment | An open surgical procedure performed through an incision in the uterus to directly repair certain birth defects before delivery. |
| Fetal Neck Mass - Cervical Teratoma (Neck Tumor) | Head & Neck Conditions | A tumor in the fetal neck that may obstruct the airway at birth. | Vascular & Interventional Radiology | Treatment | Image-guided procedures performed to diagnose or treat fetal or placental vascular conditions. |
| Fetal Neck Mass - Fetal Thyroid (Goiter) - Fetal Hypothyroidism | Head & Neck Conditions | Enlargement of the fetal thyroid gland due to low thyroid hormone levels. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Fetal Neck Mass - Fetal Thyroid (Goiter) - Fetal Hypothyroidism | Head & Neck Conditions | Enlargement of the fetal thyroid gland due to low thyroid hormone levels. | Medication as directed | Treatment | Medicines given during pregnancy when directed by the fetal care team for a specific fetal condition. |
| Fetal Neck Mass - Fetal Thyroid (Goiter) - Fetal Hyperthyroidism | Head & Neck Conditions | Enlargement of the fetal thyroid gland due to excessive thyroid hormone levels; can be associated with maternal Graves’ Disease. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Fetal Neck Mass - Fetal Thyroid (Goiter) - Fetal Hyperthyroidism | Head & Neck Conditions | Enlargement of the fetal thyroid gland due to excessive thyroid hormone levels; can be associated with maternal Graves’ Disease. | Medication as directed | Treatment | Medicines given during pregnancy when directed by the fetal care team for a specific fetal condition. |
| Micrognathia | Head & Neck Conditions | An abnormally small lower jaw that can interfere with feeding and breathing. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Micrognathia | Head & Neck Conditions | An abnormally small lower jaw that can interfere with feeding and breathing. | MRI | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the baby’s organs, often to clarify findings seen on ultrasound. |
| Micrognathia | Head & Neck Conditions | An abnormally small lower jaw that can interfere with feeding and breathing. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Atrial Septal Defect | Heart (Structural) Conditions | A hole in the wall between the heart’s two upper chambers that is larger than normal and does not close on its own. | Echocardiography | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A detailed ultrasound of the baby’s heart that evaluates heart structure, rhythm, and function before birth. |
| Atrioventricular Canal (AV Canal) Defect | Heart (Structural) Conditions | A complex heart defect involving holes between chambers and abnormalities of the heart valves. | Echocardiography | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A detailed ultrasound of the baby’s heart that evaluates heart structure, rhythm, and function before birth. |
| Coarctation of the Aorta | Heart (Structural) Conditions | Narrowing of the aorta that restricts blood flow from the heart to the body. | Echocardiography | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A detailed ultrasound of the baby’s heart that evaluates heart structure, rhythm, and function before birth. |
| Critical Aortic Stenosis (AS) - Evolving Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) | Heart (Structural) Conditions | Severe narrowing of the aortic valve that may progress to underdevelopment of the left side of the heart. | Fetal Balloon Valvuloplasty | Treatment | A catheter-based procedure that uses a small balloon to open a narrowed fetal heart valve and improve blood flow before birth. |
| Critical Pulmonary Stenosis / Pulmonary Valve Atresia - Evolving Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) | Heart (Structural) Conditions | Severe narrowing or absence of the pulmonary valve that disrupts normal heart blood flow. | Fetal Balloon Valvuloplasty | Treatment | A catheter-based procedure that uses a small balloon to open a narrowed fetal heart valve and improve blood flow before birth. |
| Ebstein's Anomaly | Heart (Structural) Conditions | A malformation of the tricuspid valve that affects blood flow on the right side of the heart. | Echocardiography | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A detailed ultrasound of the baby’s heart that evaluates heart structure, rhythm, and function before birth. |
| Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) - with intact atrial septum | Heart (Structural) Conditions | A severe form of HLHS in which there is no opening between the upper heart chambers to allow blood mixing. | Septoplasty | Treatment | A fetal cardiac procedure to enlarge or create an opening in the heart’s septum to improve blood flow in certain heart defects. |
| Mitral Valve Prolapse | Heart (Structural) Conditions | A condition in which the mitral valve does not close properly and may allow blood to leak backward. | Echocardiography | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A detailed ultrasound of the baby’s heart that evaluates heart structure, rhythm, and function before birth. |
| Single Ventricle | Heart (Structural) Conditions | A congenital heart defect in which only one functional pumping chamber develops. | Echocardiography | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A detailed ultrasound of the baby’s heart that evaluates heart structure, rhythm, and function before birth. |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | Heart (Structural) Conditions | A combination of four heart defects that affect blood flow and oxygen levels. | Echocardiography | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A detailed ultrasound of the baby’s heart that evaluates heart structure, rhythm, and function before birth. |
| Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection | Heart (Structural) Conditions | A defect in which pulmonary veins connect abnormally to the heart, affecting oxygen delivery. | Echocardiography | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A detailed ultrasound of the baby’s heart that evaluates heart structure, rhythm, and function before birth. |
| Transposition of the Great Arteries - with intact atrial septum | Heart (Structural) Conditions | The baby’s two main heart arteries are switched with little mixing between chambers, which can cause severe low oxygen after birth. | Septoplasty | Treatment | A fetal cardiac procedure to enlarge or create an opening in the heart’s septum to improve blood flow in certain heart defects. |
| Tricuspid Atresia | Heart (Structural) Conditions | Absence of the tricuspid valve, preventing normal blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. | Echocardiography | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A detailed ultrasound of the baby’s heart that evaluates heart structure, rhythm, and function before birth. |
| Truncus Arteriosus | Heart (Structural) Conditions | A rare defect in which a single large blood vessel arises from the heart instead of two separate arteries. | Echocardiography | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A detailed ultrasound of the baby’s heart that evaluates heart structure, rhythm, and function before birth. |
| Vascular Rings / Tracheal Stenosis (Tracheal Rings) | Heart (Structural) Conditions | Abnormal blood vessels form a ring around the trachea and/or esophagus, which can squeeze the airway or affect swallowing. | Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment (EXIT) | Treatment | A specialized delivery procedure in which the baby remains attached to oxygen from the placenta while doctors secure the airway or perform urgent interventions at birth. |
| Ventricular Septal Defect | Heart (Structural) Conditions | A hole in the wall between the heart’s lower chambers. | Echocardiography | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A detailed ultrasound of the baby’s heart that evaluates heart structure, rhythm, and function before birth. |
| Fetal Cardiac Arrhythmia | Heart (Functional) Conditions | An abnormal heart rhythm detected before birth. | Medication | Treatment | Medicines given to the pregnant parent that cross the placenta to treat fetal conditions such as inflammation, infection, arrhythmias, heart failure, or other selected fetal conditions. |
| Fetal Cardiac Arrhythmia | Heart (Functional) Conditions | An abnormal heart rhythm detected before birth. | Echocardiography | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A detailed ultrasound of the baby’s heart that evaluates heart structure, rhythm, and function before birth. |
| Fetal Cardiomyopathy | Heart (Functional) Conditions | Disease of the heart muscle that affects its ability to pump blood effectively. | Medication | Treatment | Medicines given to the pregnant parent that cross the placenta to treat fetal conditions such as inflammation, infection, arrhythmias, heart failure, or other selected fetal conditions. |
| Fetal Cardiomyopathy | Heart (Functional) Conditions | Disease of the heart muscle that affects its ability to pump blood effectively. | Echocardiography | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A detailed ultrasound of the baby’s heart that evaluates heart structure, rhythm, and function before birth. |
| Bladder Exstrophy | Urinary Tract Conditions | A birth defect in which the bladder develops outside the body. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Cloacal Exstrophy | Urinary Tract Conditions | A complex defect involving exposed abdominal and pelvic organs. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Duplication of Collection Systems | Urinary Tract Conditions | A condition in which a kidney has two drainage systems instead of one. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Fetal Renal Failure | Urinary Tract Conditions | Severe loss of kidney function before birth. | Amnioinfusion | Treatment | Injection of fluid into the amniotic sac to increase amniotic fluid levels to help promote fetal lung development. |
| Fetal Renal Failure | Urinary Tract Conditions | Severe loss of kidney function before birth. | Amnioport | Treatment | A small implanted port placed under mom’s skin to access the amniotic sac and allow repeated fluid infusion to promote fetal lung development. |
| Fetal Renal Failure | Urinary Tract Conditions | Severe loss of kidney function before birth. | Fetal Urine Testing | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Analysis of urine collected from the baby’s bladder to assess kidney function in urinary tract obstructions. |
| Hydronephrosis | Urinary Tract Conditions | Swelling of a kidney due to urine buildup. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction (LUTO) (Bladder Outlet Obstruction) (BOO) - Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV) | Urinary Tract Conditions | A blockage in the urethra that prevents normal urine flow, almost exclusively in male fetuses. | Bladder Shunt | Treatment | Placement of a small tube from the baby’s bladder into the amniotic sac to drain urine, relieve urinary blockage, and increase amniotic fluid levels. |
| Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction (LUTO) (Bladder Outlet Obstruction) (BOO) - Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV) | Urinary Tract Conditions | A blockage in the urethra that prevents normal urine flow, almost exclusively in male fetuses. | Fetal Cystoscopy | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A minimally invasive procedure in which a tiny camera is inserted into the baby’s bladder. |
| Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction (LUTO) (Bladder Outlet Obstruction) (BOO) - Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV) | Urinary Tract Conditions | A blockage in the urethra that prevents normal urine flow, almost exclusively in male fetuses. | Fetal Urine Testing | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Analysis of urine collected from the baby’s bladder to assess kidney function in urinary tract obstructions. |
| Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction (LUTO) (Bladder Outlet Obstruction) (BOO) - Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV) | Urinary Tract Conditions | A blockage in the urethra that prevents normal urine flow, almost exclusively in male fetuses. | Lasering Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV) | Treatment | A fetoscopic procedure that uses a laser to remove obstructing tissue in the baby’s urethra. |
| Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney | Urinary Tract Conditions | Kidney made up of fluid-filled areas and abnormal tissue, leading to little to no healthy kidney structure or function. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Pelvic Kidney / Horseshoe Kidney | Urinary Tract Conditions | An abnormal kidney position or fusion occurring during development. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) | Urinary Tract Conditions | A genetic condition causing multiple kidney cysts that impair function. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) | Urinary Tract Conditions | A genetic condition causing multiple kidney cysts that impair function. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| Prune Belly Syndrome | Urinary Tract Conditions | A condition characterized by weak abdominal muscles, urinary tract abnormalities, and undescended testes in males. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Prune Belly Syndrome | Urinary Tract Conditions | A condition characterized by weak abdominal muscles, urinary tract abnormalities, and undescended testes in males. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Pyelectasis / Pelviectasis | Urinary Tract Conditions | Mild dilation of the central part of the kidney that collects urine. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Urinary Tract Dilation (UTD) | Urinary Tract Conditions | Enlargement of parts of the urinary system due to urine backup. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Clubfoot | Skeletal Conditions | A congenital condition in which one or both feet are turned inward and downward due to abnormal positioning of bones and tendons. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Skeletal Dysplasia | Skeletal Conditions | A group of rare genetic disorders affecting bone and cartilage growth, often causing abnormal skeletal development. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Skeletal Dysplasia | Skeletal Conditions | A group of rare genetic disorders affecting bone and cartilage growth, often causing abnormal skeletal development. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| Skeletal Dysplasia - Achondroplasia | Skeletal Conditions | A genetic form of dwarfism characterized by short limbs due to abnormal cartilage and bone development. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Skeletal Dysplasia - Achondroplasia | Skeletal Conditions | A genetic form of dwarfism characterized by short limbs due to abnormal cartilage and bone development. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| Abruption | Placenta Conditions | Early separation of the placenta from the uterus, which can reduce oxygen supply to the baby and cause dangerous maternal bleeding. | Expectant Management with Monitoring | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Careful observation with regular imaging and testing during pregnancy without immediate intervention, intervening only if the condition worsens. |
| Amniotic Band Syndrome | Placenta Conditions | Strands of amniotic tissue wrap around fetal parts, potentially restricting blood flow or causing limb or facial differences. | In-Utero Surgical Division of Band | Treatment | A fetoscopic or open procedure to cut constricting amniotic bands. |
| Chorangioma / Chorioangioma | Placenta Conditions | A benign placental tumor that, when large, can cause fetal anemia, excess blood flow, or fluid complications. | Interstitial Laser | Treatment | A technique that uses a thin laser fiber placed into tissue to stop blood flow to abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, abnormal placenta, abnormal lung tissue, or the cord of a severely affected twin. |
| Chorangioma / Chorioangioma | Placenta Conditions | A benign placental tumor that, when large, can cause fetal anemia, excess blood flow, or fluid complications. | Radiofrequency Ablation | Treatment | A minimally invasive procedure that uses heat to stop blood flow to abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, abnormal placenta, or the cord of a severely affected twin. |
| Chorangioma / Chorioangioma | Placenta Conditions | A benign placental tumor that, when large, can cause fetal anemia, excess blood flow, or fluid complications. | Vascular & Interventional Radiology | Treatment | Image-guided procedures performed to diagnose or treat fetal or placental vascular conditions. |
| Fetal Growth Restriction / Intrauterine Growth Restriction (FGR / IUGR) | Placenta Conditions | Poor placental function limits oxygen and nutrient delivery, resulting in slowed fetal growth. | Doppler (Cord) | Monitoring & Diagnosis | An ultrasound technique that measures blood flow in the umbilical cord to assess how well oxygen and nutrients are reaching the baby. |
| Fetal Growth Restriction / Intrauterine Growth Restriction (FGR / IUGR) | Placenta Conditions | Poor placental function limits oxygen and nutrient delivery, resulting in slowed fetal growth. | Expectant Management with Monitoring | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Careful observation with regular imaging and testing during pregnancy without immediate intervention, intervening only if the condition worsens. |
| Fetal Growth Restriction / Intrauterine Growth Restriction (FGR / IUGR) | Placenta Conditions | Poor placental function limits oxygen and nutrient delivery, resulting in slowed fetal growth. | Placental Function Testing | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Tests that evaluate how well the placenta is delivering oxygen and nutrients to the baby. |
| Invasive Placenta | Placenta Conditions | Placenta accreta spectrum, where the placenta grows too deeply into the uterine wall and increases delivery risks. | Vascular & Interventional Radiology | Treatment | Image-guided procedures performed to diagnose or treat fetal or placental vascular conditions. |
| Previa | Placenta Conditions | The placenta covers or lies close to the cervix, increasing bleeding risk during pregnancy and delivery. | Vascular & Interventional Radiology | Treatment | Image-guided procedures performed to diagnose or treat fetal or placental vascular conditions. |
| Preeclampsia | Placenta Conditions | A pregnancy complication marked by high blood pressure and organ involvement that can affect maternal and fetal health. | Placental Function Testing | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Tests that evaluate how well the placenta is delivering oxygen and nutrients to the baby. |
| Preeclampsia | Placenta Conditions | A pregnancy complication marked by high blood pressure and organ involvement that can affect maternal and fetal health. | Expectant Management with Monitoring | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Careful observation with regular imaging and testing during pregnancy without immediate intervention, intervening only if the condition worsens. |
| Vasa Previa | Placenta Conditions | Fetal blood vessels run near or over the cervix and are at risk of rupture during labor or rupture of membranes. | Interstitial Laser | Treatment | A technique that uses a thin laser fiber placed into tissue to stop blood flow to abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, abnormal placenta, abnormal lung tissue, or the cord of a severely affected twin. |
| Vasa Previa | Placenta Conditions | Fetal blood vessels run near or over the cervix and are at risk of rupture during labor or rupture of membranes. | Radiofrequency Ablation | Treatment | A minimally invasive procedure that uses heat to stop blood flow to abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, abnormal placenta, or the cord of a severely affected twin. |
| Abdominal Cysts - Dilated Bowel | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | Enlargement of fetal bowel loops suggesting possible obstruction. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Abdominal Cysts - Dilated Bowel | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | Enlargement of fetal bowel loops suggesting possible obstruction. | MRI | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the baby’s organs, often to clarify findings seen on ultrasound. |
| Abdominal Cysts - Ovarian Cyst | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | A fluid-filled sac on a fetal ovary that may resolve on its own or require monitoring. | Large Cyst Drainage | Treatment | A procedure to remove fluid from a large fetal cyst to reduce the risk of twisting, rupture, or other size-related complications. |
| Abdominal Cysts - Enteric Duplication Cyst | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | A rare cystic structure that forms along the digestive tract. | Large Cyst Drainage if large | Treatment | A procedure to remove fluid from a large fetal cyst when size creates risk of twisting, rupture, or other complications. |
| Abdominal Cysts - Enteric Duplication Cyst | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | A rare cystic structure that forms along the digestive tract. | Monitoring | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Careful observation with imaging, testing, and follow-up during pregnancy to watch how a fetal condition changes over time. |
| Abdominal Cysts - Genitourinary Cyst | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | A fluid-filled sac arising from the urinary or reproductive tract. | Large Cyst Drainage if large | Treatment | A procedure to remove fluid from a large fetal cyst when size creates risk of twisting, rupture, or other complications. |
| Abdominal Cysts - Genitourinary Cyst | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | A fluid-filled sac arising from the urinary or reproductive tract. | Monitoring | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Careful observation with imaging, testing, and follow-up during pregnancy to watch how a fetal condition changes over time. |
| Abdominal Cysts - Choledochal Cyst | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | A cystic dilation of the bile duct. | Large Cyst Drainage if large | Treatment | A procedure to remove fluid from a large fetal cyst when size creates risk of twisting, rupture, or other complications. |
| Abdominal Cysts - Choledochal Cyst | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | A cystic dilation of the bile duct. | Monitoring | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Careful observation with imaging, testing, and follow-up during pregnancy to watch how a fetal condition changes over time. |
| Abdominal Cysts - Mesenteric Cyst | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | A fluid-filled cyst located in the tissue that supports the intestines. | Large Cyst Drainage if large | Treatment | A procedure to remove fluid from a large fetal cyst when size creates risk of twisting, rupture, or other complications. |
| Abdominal Cysts - Mesenteric Cyst | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | A fluid-filled cyst located in the tissue that supports the intestines. | Monitoring | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Careful observation with imaging, testing, and follow-up during pregnancy to watch how a fetal condition changes over time. |
| Abdominal Wall Defect - Bladder Exstrophy | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | The bladder develops outside the body due to incomplete closure of the lower abdominal wall. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Abdominal Wall Defect - Cloacal Exstrophy | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | A severe defect in which abdominal and pelvic organs, including bladder and intestines, are exposed outside the body. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Abdominal Wall Defect - Gastroschisis | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | A defect next to the belly button where intestines develop outside the abdomen without protective covering. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Abdominal Wall Defect - Gastroschisis | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | A defect next to the belly button where intestines develop outside the abdomen without protective covering. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Abdominal Wall Defect - Omphalocele | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | Abdominal organs protrude into the umbilical cord and are covered by a membrane. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Abdominal Wall Defect - Omphalocele | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | Abdominal organs protrude into the umbilical cord and are covered by a membrane. | Genetic Testing / Genetic Counseling | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Evaluation of family medical history and laboratory testing, such as blood or DNA tests, to assess the risk of inherited or genetic conditions. |
| Abdominal Wall Defect - Pentalogy of Cantrell | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | A rare syndrome involving defects of the abdominal wall, sternum, diaphragm, pericardium, and heart. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Abdominal Wall Defect - Pentalogy of Cantrell | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | A rare syndrome involving defects of the abdominal wall, sternum, diaphragm, pericardium, and heart. | Echocardiography | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A detailed ultrasound of the baby’s heart that evaluates heart structure, rhythm, and function before birth. |
| Anorectal Malformation - ARM - Anal Atresia | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | The anus is absent or improperly formed, preventing normal stool passage. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Anorectal Malformation - ARM - Imperforate Anus | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | The anal opening is missing or blocked. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Atresia - Anal | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | Closure or absence of the anal opening that prevents normal bowel movements. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Atresia - Duodenal | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | A blockage in the first part of the small intestine that prevents normal digestion. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Atresia - Esophageal | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | The esophagus does not connect properly to the stomach. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Atresia - Pyloric | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | Narrowing or blockage at the stomach outlet that obstructs food passage. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Atresia - Small Bowel | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | Blockage or absence of part of the small intestine that prevents passage of intestinal contents. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Atresia - Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF) | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | An abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus that can interfere with feeding and breathing. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Biliary Anomalies - Biliary Atresia | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | Bile ducts are blocked or absent, leading to progressive liver damage. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Hirschsprung's Disease | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | Nerve cells are missing in part of the intestine, leading to severe constipation or bowel obstruction. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Meconium Ileus | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | A blockage of the intestine caused by thick, sticky meconium, often associated with cystic fibrosis. | Medication | Treatment | Medicines given to the pregnant parent that cross the placenta to treat fetal conditions such as inflammation, infection, arrhythmias, heart failure, or other selected fetal conditions. |
| Volvulus | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | Twisting of the intestine that can block blood flow and cause bowel damage. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| Volvulus | Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions | Twisting of the intestine that can block blood flow and cause bowel damage. | Monitoring | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Careful observation with imaging, testing, and follow-up during pregnancy to watch how a fetal condition changes over time. |
| Conjoined Twins | Twins / Multiples Conditions | Identical twins physically connected at birth due to incomplete separation during early development. | Ultrasound | Monitoring & Diagnosis | A noninvasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the baby and placenta during pregnancy to monitor growth, anatomy, and well-being. |
| Conjoined Twins | Twins / Multiples Conditions | Identical twins physically connected at birth due to incomplete separation during early development. | MRI | Monitoring & Diagnosis | Magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the baby’s organs, often to clarify findings seen on ultrasound. |
| Conjoined Twins | Twins / Multiples Conditions | Identical twins physically connected at birth due to incomplete separation during early development. | Pediatric Care | Treatment | Specialized medical care provided after birth by pediatric specialists to monitor and treat conditions diagnosed before delivery. |
| TAPS - Twin Anemia Polycythemia Sequence | Twins / Multiples Conditions | A complication of monochorionic twins where one twin becomes anemic and the other develops excess red blood cells. | Fetoscopic Laser Ablation | Treatment | A minimally invasive procedure that uses a laser to seal abnormal placental blood vessel connections in identical monochorionic twins. |
| TRAP - Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence | Twins / Multiples Conditions | A rare complication in which one non-viable twin lacks a functional heart and is supplied blood by the pump twin. | Interstitial Laser | Treatment | A technique that uses a thin laser fiber placed into tissue to stop blood flow to abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, abnormal placenta, abnormal lung tissue, or the cord of a severely affected twin. |
| TRAP - Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence | Twins / Multiples Conditions | A rare complication in which one non-viable twin lacks a functional heart and is supplied blood by the pump twin. | Radiofrequency Ablation | Treatment | A minimally invasive procedure that uses heat to stop blood flow to abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, abnormal placenta, or the cord of a severely affected twin. |
| TRAP - Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence | Twins / Multiples Conditions | A rare complication in which one non-viable twin lacks a functional heart and is supplied blood by the pump twin. | Bipolar Cord Coagulation (BCC) | Treatment | A minimally invasive fetal procedure used in monochorionic twins to seal and stop blood flow in one twin’s umbilical cord to protect the healthy twin. |
| TTTS - Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome | Twins / Multiples Conditions | A monochorionic twin condition where abnormal placental vessel connections cause uneven blood flow between twins. | Fetoscopic Laser Ablation | Treatment | A minimally invasive procedure that uses a laser to seal abnormal placental blood vessel connections in identical monochorionic twins. |
| TTTS - Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome | Twins / Multiples Conditions | A monochorionic twin condition where abnormal placental vessel connections cause uneven blood flow between twins. | Interstitial Laser | Treatment | A technique that uses a thin laser fiber placed into tissue to stop blood flow to abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, abnormal placenta, abnormal lung tissue, or the cord of a severely affected twin. |
| Selective Fetal Growth Restriction / Intrauterine Growth Restriction (sFGR / sIUGR) | Twins / Multiples Conditions | Unequal growth in monochorionic twins where one twin grows significantly more slowly due to unequal placenta sharing. | Interstitial Laser | Treatment | A technique that uses a thin laser fiber placed into tissue to stop blood flow to abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, abnormal placenta, abnormal lung tissue, or the cord of a severely affected twin. |
| Selective Fetal Growth Restriction / Intrauterine Growth Restriction (sFGR / sIUGR) | Twins / Multiples Conditions | Unequal growth in monochorionic twins where one twin grows significantly more slowly due to unequal placenta sharing. | Radiofrequency Ablation | Treatment | A minimally invasive procedure that uses heat to stop blood flow to abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, abnormal placenta, or the cord of a severely affected twin. |
| Selective Fetal Growth Restriction / Intrauterine Growth Restriction (sFGR / sIUGR) | Twins / Multiples Conditions | Unequal growth in monochorionic twins where one twin grows significantly more slowly due to unequal placenta sharing. | Bipolar Cord Coagulation (BCC) | Treatment | A minimally invasive fetal procedure used in monochorionic twins to seal and stop blood flow in one twin’s umbilical cord to protect the healthy twin. |
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Look at “SOURCES” for very helpful links on any condition or question through this custom GPT:
More on how we built this GPT for fetal conditions:
Created in February 2026, and will be updated periodically.
The GPT pulls fetal condition and fetal intervention information from NAFTNet Centers in the United States and Canada.
We pulled 443 unique URLs highlighting specific Fetal Conditions and Fetal Interventions across the selected center websites.
The list of specific source pages is not exhaustive, however is directionally powerful in researching fetal conditions and fetal interventions in the United States.
We created a priority list of URLs to search first, followed by others within the NAFTNet umbrella of fetal care centers, based on our own research across all pages on helpful information for patients.
Pages with concise, clear information were prioritized.
Pages with helpful categories of intervention, or clear organization of conditions, were prioritized.
Pages with helpful graphics were prioritized.
Centers with new therapies in research by condition were noted.
All information should be able to be translated into Spanish on your own, via Google Translate or other services.